In what cases is closed kidney stone surgery (PCNL) performed?

Percutaneous kidney stone surgery is a technique used when endoscopic laser treatment is not possible. This procedure specifically addresses larger stones in the lower kidney. While it's a much more invasive technique than endoscopy, it's significantly more comfortable than the open surgery used in previous years. Unlike endoscopic surgery, instead of waiting for the stones to pass, they are removed through an incision in the side of the patient's back. Blood is always readily available to prevent bleeding during the surgery. Post-operative hospitalization is required for 3-5 days.